Gradino
An Italian toothed stone-carving chisel, closely related to the gradina, used for shaping and finishing sculpture.
Education
Cala a spingere
A variant of the traditional cala positioning system used with a pointing frame, documented for transferring measurements in bas-relief.
Martello pneumatico
A compressed-air-powered hammer used to drive chisels rapidly in stone carving, from roughing through controlled finishing.
Carta abrasiva
A flexible abrasive sheet used in progressively finer grades to smooth marble surfaces during levigatura.
Lucidatura con acido ossalico
A traditional marble-polishing process using oxalic acid during the final development of a polished surface.
Filo elicoidale
A historic helical steel-wire sawing system that cut marble by carrying water and abrasive sand through the cut, widely used in Carrara before diamond wire.
Macchina a controllo numerico (CNC)
A computer-controlled machine used to remove stone according to digital coordinates or toolpaths, including roughing operations in contemporary marble sculpture workshops.
Messa ai punti
The traditional process of transferring measured three-dimensional reference points from a model to a block of stone so the copy can be carved accurately.
Cala
A traditional positioning system used with compasses in marble pointing to establish and transfer principal reference points between a model and the stone.
Centina
A traditional positioning system used with compasses to transfer measured sculptural points from a model to stone.